A letter or letters-sequence is considered to be "standing alone" when the following common punctuation and indicator symbols intervene between the letter or letters-sequence and the following space, hyphen or dash:

• comma, semicolon, colon, full stop (period), ellipsis, exclamation mark or question mark
• closing parenthesis (round bracket), closing square bracket or closing curly bracket (brace bracket)
• closing quotation mark of any kind
• nondirectional quotation mark of any kind
• apostrophe [also see Section 2.6.4]
• typeform terminator of any kind
• capitals mode terminator
• closing transcriber's note indicator
• or any combination of these.

A word with an interior apostrophe is considered to be "standing alone" under the specific provisions of Section 10, Contractions, 10.1.2 (alphabetic wordsigns), 10.2.2 (strong wordsigns) and 10.9 (shortforms).

Follow print for the use of the ampersand.

Follow print for the use of arrows. In non-technical material, list the complete arrow symbol (without any grade 1 indicator) and its meaning on the symbols page or in a transcriber's note.

Note: The grade 1 indicator may be required before the arrow symbol to avoid it being misread.

Refer to: Section 11.6, Technical Material, and Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 13, for further information on arrows.