Use the modifiers in this section for linguistic accents and diacritics only and not for modifiers in mathematics or for symbols in computer programming even if their appearance is visually similar in print.

Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material.

Do not use the lower wordsign for "be", "were", "his" or "was" before or after a dash, even when separated from the dash by the end of the braille line. 

Words joined by a dash may be divided at the end of a braille line either before or after the dash.

Follow print for the use of the asterisk, dagger and double dagger, regardless of meaning.

Note: For example, the dagger may be used as a reference mark, or as the Latin or Christian cross to signify death or a member of the clergy.

Note: Usually the asterisk and sometimes the dagger and double dagger appear raised from the baseline in print. This is not considered the superscript position.

Welsh: Do not use the contraction "ed" in the letter combination "edd" (dd represents a distinct letter). Similarly use "ff" contraction in the letter combination "off" rather than the contraction for "of".

Use braille grouping indicators when necessary to ensure that the preceding braille symbol or indicator applies to all the symbols enclosed by the braille grouping indicators rather than just to the symbol immediately following.

Note: This includes a modifier which applies to more than one letter and a subscript or superscript indicator which applies to more than one "item".

Refer to: Section 4.2.5, Letters and Their Modifiers and Section 11.4, Technical Material.

Scandinavian languages: Use the "ar" contraction in the letter combination "aar" (in which aa represents a with circle above)

Follow print for the use of the bullet.

Note: At times, other symbols may be used for a similar purpose.

Refer to: 3.22 for shapes and 3.26 for transcriber-defined symbols.

Greek: In the letter combination "sth", use the contractions "th" or "the" (representing the letter theta) rather than the contraction "st".

Follow print for the use of the caret.

Refer to: Section 4.2, Letters and Their Modifiers, for the circumflex accent above a letter.