Use transcriber-defined typeform indicators for significant print typeform changes other than italics, boldface, underlining or script. This includes but is not limited to: different-sized type; coloured type; crossed-out type; sans serif font; and double, dotted, coloured or wavy underlining. List the transcriber-defined typeform indicator on the special symbols page or in a transcriber's note giving the print typeform it represents.

Refer to: 9.6 for discussion and examples of small capitals.

Although within a document all abbreviations and/or Roman numerals may be in small capitals, in braille these are best transcribed as capitals.

Refer to: Section 8, Capitalisation.

Print sometimes uses small capitals for emphasis or distinction. These can usually be recognized by the use of regular size capitals for the letters of the small capitals text which are capitalised. When the change in typeform is significant, use a transcriber-defined typeform indicator in braille.

It is preferred that typeform indicators and terminators and any paired characters such as parentheses, square brackets and quotes be nested; that is, close punctuation and indicators in reverse order of opening.

When it is clear in the print copy that punctuation is not included in a specific typeform and when a typeform terminator is required for other reasons, place the typeform terminator at the point where the typeform changes. When there is doubt, except for the hyphen, dash and ellipsis, consider the punctuation as being included in the typeform.

For better readability, ignore a change in typeform for closing punctuation when a typeform word indicator is used. Similarly, ignore a change in typeform for incidental punctuation within a passage. However, do not ignore the change when it is important for an understanding of the text, such as when typeforms are being studied.

The order for typeform indicators in braille is not prescribed. Therefore, when braille requires the use of two (or more) different typeform indicators for the same text, the indicators and terminators are best nested - meaning that the first typeform to be opened is the last typeform to be closed.

When transcribing a typeform passage which extends over more than one text element (e.g. a series of consecutive paragraphs), each text element is preceded by the typeform passage indicator and the typeform is terminated only at the point where the typeform changes.

Use the alphabetic wordsign when the word it represents is "standing alone".

Refer to: Section 2.6, Terminology and General Rules, for the definition of "standing alone".

Use the alphabetic wordsign when the word it represents is followed by an apostrophe with the following letters: d, ll, re, s, t, ve, provided the resulting word is standing alone.